The skin is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. Like any other tissue, the skin surface is prone to colonisation and invasion by pathogens. Here’s what you need to know about skin infections....CONTINUE READING THE FULL ARTICLE>>>
In general, skin infections can be caused by a wide variety of germs. In most cases, bacteria are the most common cause of skin infections. However, viruses, fungi and parasites with an affinity for skin cells can also invade the skin.
Often, the entry of infectious agents occurs in the presence of a superficial or deep wound. Similarly, depression of the immune system also facilitates access for germs. Early identification and treatment leads to a better prognosis and a lower risk of complications.
Symptoms of skin infections
Skin infections can be detected through redness and itching.
The clinical manifestations of skin infections can vary depending on the type of infection and the health status of the affected person. In general, rashes and skin irritation are among the most common symptoms. Other signs associated with this condition include the following:
swelling of the skin;
moderate to severe itching;
redness of the affected area;
pain and tenderness of the skin;
purulent discharge.
On the other hand, some severe infections may progress to blistering, sloughing of the skin and dark or necrotic discolouration. Similarly, certain germs can progress into the bloodstream and spread into the blood, producing a critical condition known as bacteraemia.
What are the types of skin infections?
Skin infections can be caused by a large number of microbes. Some are superficial and affect a small portion of the dermis, while others extend deeper and involve a larger amount of tissue. In this sense, the following types of skin infections are possible:
Bacterial infection
Bacteria are mainly responsible for causing infections in adults and children. These germs usually invade the dermis through hair follicles or small wounds caused by scratches, burns or bites. Some of the most common bacterial skin infections include the following:
Impetigo;
Cellulitis;
Erysipelas;
Anthrax;
Folliculitis and boils;
Cutaneous abscesses;
necrotising fasciitis.
Some studies state that the main agents responsible for this type of infection are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Similarly, most of these infections are associated with painful, pus-filled swellings. In addition, some people may experience fever and chills.
Fungal infection
Fungal infections are caused by fungi that invade the surface layers of the skin. They usually occur in moist areas and folds of the body, such as the feet, armpits, genitals and under the breasts. Some of the most common forms of presentation are as follows:
ringworm;
Ptyriasis versicolor;
athlete’s foot;
sporotrichosis;
cutaneous candidiasis;
nappy rash.
Research suggests that the main fungi responsible for fungal skin infections are Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Candida and Malassezia. These infections usually result in light or dark patches with scaling of the skin and itching.
Viral infection
Viruses are responsible for a large number of diseases that cause rashes and warts on the skin surface. Viral infections with an affinity for the skin include the following:
Herpes labialis and genital herpes;
Herpes zoster;
Molluscum contagiosum;
Human papillomavirus (HPV) warts;
Hand-foot-mouth syndrome.
Similarly, there are several common rash pathologies in children that are caused by viruses, such as chickenpox, measles, rubella and rosacea. These usually present as small red spots scattered over the body and are accompanied by intense itching.
Parasitic infection
Some parasites, such as lice, colonise the skin and cause itching.
Worms and arthropods are parasites that can sometimes invade and infect human skin. In this regard, some worms usually parasitise the skin surface by direct action, while others migrate from a visceral focus. Arthropods, such as lice and ticks, act by directly colonising the skin.
Some studies estimate that pediculosis, or lice infection, is one of the most common skin parasitosis in tropical climates. Similarly, the following types of parasitic skin infections can be mentioned:
Scabies or scabies;
Tick bites;
Tungiasis;
Myiasis;
Filariasis;
Onchocerciasis;
Cutaneous larva migrans.
Risk factors
In most cases, skin lesions and blows with sharp objects are the main cause of the entry of germs. There are also other conditions that can increase the likelihood of skin infection, including the following:
Advanced age;
Diabetes mellitus;
Circulation problems;
Depression of the immune system due to HIV/AIDS;
Chemotherapy and corticosteroid use;
malnutrition;
poor hygiene;
Wearing tight clothing.
Treatment of skin infections
The treatment plan for skin infections depends on the causative agent and the severity of the clinical picture. In most cases, eruptive viral infections disappear on their own within a couple of days. Warts, however, usually require the use of medication for their removal.
On the other hand, fungal infections are usually treated with antifungal lotions or oral drugs in severe cases. In addition, it is advisable to avoid humidity and sun exposure during treatment.
Bacterial infections are usually treated with prescription topical antibiotics. The use of oral antibiotics is only for moderate to severe infections at the discretion of the treating physician. Individuals with resistance to treatment may require intravenous antibiotics.
Similarly, cutaneous parasitosis may be controlled with oral anti-parasitic creams or medications. Some health professionals may recommend the use of lotions to relieve itching and reduce skin sensitivity.
Prevention is key for skin infections
Skin infections result from the colonisation and penetration of germs through the skin and mucous membranes. However, most of these conditions are preventable. In this sense, it is advisable to maintain good skin hygiene, avoid wearing tight clothing, wash hands and do not share personal items.
If a skin infection is suspected, medical attention should be sought as soon as possible. Only health professionals are trained to identify the type of infection and provide appropriate treatment.
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